Review jurnal untuk tugas English Syntax

THE ANALYSIS OF SYNTACTIC STRUCTURES IN THE RELATIVE CLAUSE WITH REFERENCE TO STEINBECK’S THE PEARL

Author     : - Putu Marlyn Ariesta

- English Department, Faculty of Letters and Culture Udayana University 2014

Publisher : -

Page         : -

Reviewed by : Mila Ida N

Research Question

1.      What is the the pattern of the relative clause found in the novel “The Pearl” by John Steinback?

2.      How is the structure of relative clause formulated in the novel “The Pearl” by John Steinbeck?

3.      What kind of the relative clause found in the novel “The Pearl” by John Steinbeck?

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This journal’s purpose is to identify and find the structure patterns and the type of relative clause which is found in the novel “The Pearl” written by Steinbeck in 1947. The journal entitled “The Analysis of Syntactic Structures in The Relative Clause with Reference to Steinbeck’s The Pearl” was focused on the analysis of syntax in relation to the relative clause. Syntax is, essentially, the way to analyze structure.

Methodology

The research method which is used in this research is both qualitative and reconstructive methods. The author applied the documentation research method to collect the data.

Findings

There are three patterns of relative clauses that were found by the author in the novel “The Pearl” by Steinbeck (1947), which are:

1.      Relative clause = Relative pronoun or adverb + subject + verb

For example: His eyes went to the place where he had swept out the track. (Steinbeck, 1947: 42)  The position of the relative clause is where he had swept out the track. The relative adverb where was used to replace the word the place in the second clause. He is the subject, and had swept is the verb.

2.      Relative clause = Relative pronoun as a subject + verb

For example: Sometimes it rose to an aching chord that caught the throat. (Steinbeck, 1947: 2). In this sentence the relative clause is that caught the throat, the relative adverb that was used to replace the word an aching chord in the second clause, where an aching chord is the subject, and caught is the verb.

3.      Clause + relative pronoun clause = relative clause

For example: The sun was quarter high when they were ready. (Steinbeck, 1947: 24).

When they were ready is the relative clause, also there is the function as clause 1, that is, the sun (NP) was quarter high (VP), and as clause 2 is they (NP) were ready at a quarter high sun (VP). Relative Adverb when was used to replace the word quarter high in the second clause.

The structure of a relative clause was found by the author from this novel, “The best and happiest pearl buyer was he [who he bought for the lowest prices].” (Steinbeck, 1947: 23) This example consisted of two clauses, the main clause and relative clause. The clause who bought for the lowest prices is a relative clause, and the main clause is the best and happiest pearl buyer was he. In this clause, it should be more clear as he is mentioned. The tree diagram below can be adopted to provide a free relative clause in which the antecedent vanishes (headless).

  S

NP                   VP

 

The best and     V        NP       S’

happiest

pearl buyer      was      Pro       Conj    S’’

                                   

                                    he        who     NP       VP

 

Pro       V         PP

 

he        bought P          NP

 

for       the lowest prices

Its structure could be :

S          àNP-VP

VP1     àV-NP2-S’

NP2     àPro

S’         àConj-S’’

S’’       àNP3-VP2

NP3     àPro

VP2     àV-PP

PP        àP-NP

Three types of relative clauses has been adopted by the author in accordance to Radford’s theory in 1988 :

1.      Restrictive; defines the meaning of a noun or noun phrase and provides necessary information about the noun in the sentence.

For example:

a.       The best and happiest pearl buyer was he [who bought for the lowest

prices]. (Steinbeck, 1947: 23)

b.      A country [where there was little game] managed to live. (Steinbeck, 1947: 42)

2.      Nonrestrictive; adds additional information to a sentence.

For example:

a.       The little tree frogs, [that lived near the stream] twittered like birds. (Steinbeck, 1947: 48)

b.      The birds, [which spent the day in the brushland] came at night to the little pools. (Steinbeck, 1947: 45)

c.       He lighted a candle and came to them, [where they crouched in a corner]. (Steinbeck, 1947: 36)

3.      Free; refers to the primary part of the noun phrase which vanishes (headless), mainly in a surface structure (Radford, 1981: 358).

For example:

a.       They would find it where Kino and Juana had rested. (Steinbeck, 1947: 43)

b.      His hand strayed limply to the place where the pearl was hidden under his clothes. (Steinbeck, 1947: 43)

Conclusion

A relative clause is a subordinate clause that can modify a noun phrase, or generally a noun. It starts with a relative pronoun, such as who, whom, whose, which, or that, and a relative adverb, such as when, where, or why. Moreover, there are three patterns of relative clauses that were found in the novel “The Pearl” by Steinbeck (1947) as mentioned above. The journal has also shown the usefulness of applying Radford’s 1988 theory when analyzing the types of clauses in sentences in order to understand the meaning and the structure of that sentence. 


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