TENSES (Bentuk-bentuk Waktu)

 

            Hallo, readers! Apa kabarnya, nih? Semoga selalu sehat ya. By the way, pada kesempatan kali ini saya menyajikan penggunaan tenses yang sederhana, penggunaan secara umumnya. Jika kamu ingin tau, yuk cek postingan di bawah. 

TENSES

Tenses	Contoh
Simple past	I cooked soup yesterday.
Past continuous	I was watching a movie when she called.
Past perfect	When I arrived, the class had already begun.
Past perfect continuous	I had been waiting for her since 3.00.
Simple present	I go to school every day.
Present continuous	I am eating lunch now.
Present perfect	I have seen that movie.
Present perfect continuous	I have been teaching for 10 years.
Simple future (present)	I will come to your party.
Future continuous	I will be waiting for you.
Future perfect	I will have finished the project next year.
Future perfect continuous	I will have been studying for 2 years in London.
Simple future (past)	I would come to your party.

          Dalam tenses pasti selalu menggunakan kata kerja (verb). Di Indonesia menyebutnya dengan verb1, verb2 dan verb3 agar mereka mudah dihafal. Namun, nama aslinya dari verb tersebut adalah simple form (verb1), simple past (verb2), past participle (verb3), dan ada satu lagi bentuk verb yaitu present participle (verb-ing). Agar lebih jelas lihat tabel dibawah untuk contohnya!

	Simple form (verb1)	Simple past (verb2)	Past participle (verb3)	Present participle (verb-ing)
Regular verb	Happen	Happened	Happened	Happening
	Hope	Hoped	Hoped	Hoping
	Like	Liked	Liked	Liking
Irregular verb	Drink	Drank	Drunk	Drinking
	Go	Went	Gone	Going
	Sing	Sang	Sung	Singing

 

            Jika kamu ingin lebih mendalami tenses, maka berikut cara penggunaan tenses secara mendetail:

1.      Simple past (S + V2 + O)

Fungsinya:

§  Complete action at a specified time in the past (menyatakan kegiatan dimasa lampau dan telah selesai pada waktu itu juga dengan waktu yang spesifik)

E.g:     I cooked soup for Tom yesterday.

            Tom visited his grandmother 2 days ago.

§  Habits in the past (menyatakan kebiasaan di waktu lampau)

E.g:     When I was young, I always played guitar.

            Tom studied Spanish when he was a student.

            I used to swim after the class.

§  Duration in the past (menyatakan peristiwa di waktu lampau dan sudah tidak melakukanya lagi)

E.g:     I lived in London for 2 years.

            Jhon taught for 3 years only.

§  Series of completed actions (untuk menyatakan kegiatan yang terjadi secara berurutan)

E.g:     She made breakfast, drove her son to school, and went to work.

            I sat down, took out a notebook, pen, and started taking notes.

§  Conditional type 2

E.g:     If I went out tonight, my parents wouldn’t allow me.

            If I bought a car again, I wouldn’t have much money again.

2.      Past continuous (S + to be{was/were} + V1-ing + O)

§  Interrupted continuous past action (untuk menyatakan satu kegiatan terjadi pada saat kegiatan yang lain sedang berlangsung)

E.g:     I was walking home when it started to rain.

            I was watching a movie when he called.

§  Parallel actions (kegiatannya berlangsung secara bersamaan)

E.g:     I was reading while my brother was watching TV.

            He was driving while I was phoning you.

§  To start a story/create an atmosphere (untuk memulai sebuah cerita)

E.g:     When I was walking to school yesterday…

            The sun was shining, and the birds were singing…

§  Repeated action, often with “always” (untuk menyatakan kegiatan yang terus-menerus diulangi)

E.g:     They were always fighting.

            Jhon was always complaining about his job.

§  Action before and after a specific time (kegiatan yang sedang berlangsung pada waktu lampau dengan waktu yang spesifik)

E.g:     In August, he was working at shoe store.

            Last night at 6 p.m, I was eating dinner.

3.      Past perfect (S + had + V3 + O)

§  A completed action before a different past action

E.g:     When we arrived, the class had already begun.

            By the time we got to the theater, the movie had already started.

            Mile passed the exams because she had studied very hard.

            After he had decided to go, he prepared everything.

§  A period of time before an event in the past

E.g:     I had owned my car for 7 years before I sold it.

            I had had that car for 7 years before it broke down.

§  Reported speech

E.g:     He told me that he had never been to Indonesia before.

            My friend said that he hadn’t done his homework.

§  In the “If” clause of the third conditional

E.g:     If it had rained, I would have bought an umbrella.

            If you had studied for the test, you wouldn’t have failed.

 

Note: Jika ada 2 kegiatan yang terjadi di masa lampau, maka untuk salah satu kegiatannya kita gunakan past perfect dan satu lagi simple past.

 

4.      Past perfect continuous (S + had + been + V1-ing + O)

§  Duration before something in the past

E.g:     He had been waiting for an hour when she finally arrived.

            She finally came at 6 o’clock. I had been waiting for her since 4.30.

            She had been typing for 2 hours when I came.

§  Cause of something in the past

E.g:     Her eyes were red because she had been crying.

            The road was wet because it had been raining.

            She went on a diet because she had been eating too much.

§  Third conditional

E.g:     If it hadn’t been snowing, we would have gone out.

            If I had been paying attention, I wouldn’t have gotten into an accident.

§  Reported speech

E.g:     She said that Tom had been helping her study for months.

            You told me that you had been saving money for college.

5.      Simple present (S + V1 + O)

§  Habits (menyatakan kebiasaan)

E.g:     I always drink milk every morning.

            Tom never wakes up late.

§  General facts/truths (menyatakan kenyataan)

E.g:     The sky is blue.

The Earth is not flat.

§  Future timetables/schedules (menyatakan waktu yang akan datang)

E.g:     My train arrives tomorrow.

            I fly to Canada on Sunday.

            The plane arrives at 12.30.

            She leaves next week.

§  Regular action (menyatakan tindakan rutin)

E.g:     She writes two books a year.

            Tom trips twice a month.

§  Command or request (menyatakan perintah atau permintaan)

E.g:     Close the door!

            Do not sit here!

            Please, let me know how to cook it.

            Please, give me a chance.

 

6.      Present continuous (S + to be{are/am/is} + V1-ing + O)

§  Happening now (menyatakan kegiatan yang sedang terjadi sekarang)

E.g:     I am studying now.

            It is raining here.

§  Temporary actions (menyatakan kegiatan yang sementara)

E.g:     I’m studying at Oxford university this week.

            Tom is working part time for a week.

            I’m staying in London.

§  Fixed plans, often in the near future (menyatakan rencana yang sudah pasti akan dilakukan)

E.g:     I’m meeting my lectutrer after the class.

            I’m going to supermarket after work.

§  Longer actions in progress now (menyatakan tindakan yang sedang dalam proses untuk meraih sesuatu)

E.g:     She is studying to be a lecturer.

            Tom is training for football world cup.

§  Trends (menyatakan apa yang sedang trend dimasa sekarang)

E.g:     Many people are using smartphone nowadays.

            “Om telolet om!” is booming all over the world.

7.      Present perfect (S + have/has + V3 + O)

§  Duration from the past until now (menyatakan kegiatan yang sudah terjadi dari dulu dan masih terjadi atau dilakukan sampai sekarang)

E.g:     She has been a lecturer since 2017.

            I have had a bad flu for a week.

            He has been a pilot since 2014.

§  Even in the past at an unspecified time (menyatakan aktivitas yang telah dilakukan dalam waktu yang tidak spesifik)

E.g:     I have seen that movie.

            She has been to London.

            I have just eaten.

§  Repeated events in the past until now (kejadian yang terus diulangi sampai sekarang)

E.g:     I have been to this restaurant many times since I moved next door.

            I have met Justin Bieber many times since I moved next to his house.

§  Change over time (peristiwa yang berubah seiring berjalannya waktu)

E.g:     Your Spanish has improved since the last time we met.

            I met my niece yesterday, and she has grown a lot.

§  Uncompleted action that is expected to happen

E.g:     He hasn’t finished his homework yet.

            She still hasn’t arrived.

§  Conditional type 1

E.g:     If you have done your homework, you can go out.

            If you have already been here, text me.

8.      Present perfect continuous (S + have/has + been + V1-ing + O)

§  Duration from the past until now (menyatakan kegiatan yang dimulai pada waktu lampau dan masih berlangsung sampai sekarang)

E.g:     She has been teaching for 7 years.

            I have been teaching since 2017.

            I have been living in London for 2 years.

§  Actions happening recently (kegiatan yang terjadi atau yang dilakukan akhir-akhir ini)

E.g:     Recently she has been excercising a lot.

            I haven’t been going to work again.

§  Actions that recently stopped (peristiwa yang baru berhenti)

E.g:     I have been resigning as pilot a week ago.

It has been raining, the sidewalk is wet.

§  Temporary actions (kegiatan yang dilakukan sementara)

E.g:     I have been preparing a lot for my first interview as lecturer.

            All of the students have been studying hard. Final exams start next week.

 

Note: Dalam present perfect dan present perfect continuous tidak ada perbedaan ketika menggunakan since dan for. Contoh:

a.       I have been working at this university for 2 years.

b.      I have worked at this university for 2 years.

c.       I have lived here since 2016.

d.      I have been living here since 2016.

 

9.      Simple future (S + will + V1 + O)

§  Willingness

E.g:     The phone is ringing. I’ll get it.

            I will help you move tomorrow. (offer)

            He won’t tell me his age. (refusal)

§  Plan or intention

E.g:     My food is I will go to a Walmart tomorrow. (intention)

            My car is already old, I will buy a new ones someday. (plan)

§  Future fact

E.g:     The sun will rise tomorrow at 7.00 a.m.

            The sun will set at 8.00 p.m. tonight.

§  Prediction

E.g:     I think I will get a raise this year.

            It’s going to rain!

            Watch out! You’re going to hurt yourself!

Note: Dalam prediksi (prediction) baik will atau be going to dapat digunakan.

 

10.  Future continuous (S + will + be + V1-ing + O)

§  Action in progress at a time in the future

E.g:     She will be taking an exam at 2 p.m. tomorrow.

§  Interrupted action in the future

E.g:     I will be waiting for you when you arrive tonight.

§  Atmosphere in the future

E.g:     When I arrive home, my parents will be hugging me immediately.

§  Parallel actions in the future (kejadian yang akan bersamaan)

E.g:     She will be cooking dinner and he will be watching TV.

            While she is cooking dinner, he will be watching TV. (jika menggunakan “while”, maka klausa while harus present continuous)

§  Emphasis of future plans and intentions

E.g:     They will be watching a movie tonight.

11.  Future perfect (S + will + have + V3 + O)

§  To express an activity that will be completed before another time or event in the future

E.g:     By (menjelang) next summer, she will have graduated from college.

            By the time you arrive, I will have finished the project.

§  Duration before something in the future

E.g:     By Friday, he will have had my car for a whole week.

            She will have been in London for 6 months by the time she leaves.

12.  Future perfect continuous (S + will + have + been + V1-ing + O)

§  To express the duration of an activity that will be in progress before another time or event in the future

E.g:     He will have been waiting for an hour when she finally arrives.

            She will have been working at the company for 10 years by the time I retire.

§  Cause of something in the future

E.g:     He will be tired by the time he arrives because he will have been travelling all day.

            Her English will be excellent because she will have been studying for 2 years in London.

Nah, itu penjelasannya readers. Yuk komen di bawah jika ada yang belum jelas. :)

Semoga bisa dipahami dan membantu dalam belajar, ya. :)